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Dietary patterns are associated with morbidity and mortality of heart failure.
Despite these encouraging early results, the specific mechanisms behind the observed functional improvements remain to be fully explored and future studies employing hypothesis-driven material design and selection may increase the potential of this approach to alleviate the morbidity and mortality of heart failure.
However, based on the pathophysiologic consequences of sleep apnea on the cardiovascular system, studies associating excess mortality of heart failure patients with obstructive and central sleep apnea, and limited favorable therapeutic studies, it is important to continue to identify heart failure patients who may suffer from sleep apnea and treat them appropriately.
Moreover, the mortality of heart disease is 4-fold higher in diabetes patients [ 3].
Despite a number of well-established therapies, the prevalence as well as the mortality of heart failure are still alarmingly high.
Insight into echocardiographic parameters in the general population may facilitate early recognition of ventricular dysfunction, reducing the population morbidity and mortality of heart failure.
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While mortalities of heart disease, stroke and infectious diseases (flu and pneumonia) have declined over the past 55 years by 64, 74 and 58%, overall cancer mortality did only decline by 5% (National Center for Health Statistics).
Evidence continues to demonstrate increasing prevalence, cost, and mortality implications of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), but clearly defined parameters that distinguish between control subjects and HFpEF have not been established.
HF results from decreased contractile function of the heart, and neurohormonal dysregulation plays a major part in the morbidity and mortality of the heart.
– Inflammatory pathways may be additive and explain the excess mortality of ischemic heart disease in patients with autoimmune diseases.
Inflammatory pathways may be additive and explain the excess mortality of ischemic heart disease in patients with autoimmune diseases.
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