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Thus it is clear that mortality of developing embryos through ontogeny can be significant in many amphibian species and poses a potential problem for studies that infer fertilization success based on paternity determined at hatching.
In order to test for selective mortality of developing tadpoles through ontogeny, we staged laboratory experiments where paternity of two competing males in a situation of sperm competition was sampled at three time intervals throughout embryonic development.
However, such effects may not reflect the competitive ability of sperm at fertilization and could potentially be the spurious outcome of selective mortality of developing tadpoles with respect to genetic incompatibility of partners and is predicted to show cumulative severity in proportional mortality through embryonic development.
Nevertheless, genetic incompatibility effects on the probability of offspring survival have been shown for some externally fertilizing species [e.g. 8] and we cannot discount the role of biased mortality of developing embryos in other situations such as when levels of inbreeding are higher, or environmental conditions provides stronger selection for offspring with particular genotypes.
It is important to distinguish the consequences of VAP from the progression of an underlying illness, and a key variable is the attributable mortality of developing VAP.
Greater mortality of developing female chicken embryos (ZW heterogametes) has been attributed to sex-linked lethal genes (Wu et al., 2012).
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Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest maternal mortality ratio of developing regions, with 510 deaths for every 100,000 live births, followed by southern Asia, Oceania and the Caribbean.
Although these children will not necessarily experience adversities, they possess an elevated risk of accidents, mortality, and of developing psychiatric disorders.
The mortality rate of developing myd88−/− larvae decreased after this period, which might correlate with the onset of active adaptive immunity.
This result differs from previous clinical studies showing that EVLW indexed to predicted body weight (PBW) is a superior predictor of mortality [ 6], of developing multiple organ failure [ 2] and for the diagnosis of ARDS [ 4, 6- 8].
Targeting of GC-C by ST results in severe secretory diarrhea and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children of developing countries.
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