After 30 days, food intake, mortality rates, body lengths, dry body masses, specific growth rates, and growth efficiencies were evaluated.
These findings are consistent with comparisons of mortality estimates across species that indicate an overall decline in mortality rate with body length (Morse 1989; Pepin 1993).
The effects of individual males and females on offspring fitness (mortality, body mass, total length and yolk volume) were studied using two-way ANOVAs with three (or two) females and 20 males as random factors and the mean values of the two replicates as data points for each female-male combination.
Furthermore, the differences between small and large male with respect to offspring mortality, body mass, total length, yolk volume and sperm VSL were tested using two-way ANOVA, with male group (small vs. large) as a fixed factor and female as a random factor.
To study whether polyandrous females have a higher fitness than the average fitness of single mating females, we combined large and small male groups and compared the mean mortality, body mass and total length of the offspring between sperm competition versus single male trials.
The total body length and mortality of the fish fed with live food and 1/2 live food with 1/2 formulated diets exhibited no significant difference.
As expected, we found the harvesting mortality that mimicked positive size-selective fisheries mortality (i.e. small-selected fish) exerted negative standard deviation-standardized selection differentials (i.e. selection intensity) on body length, while the random fish experienced selection intensity close to zero (Fig. 1).
Species range in head and body length.
Phelps was nearly a body length ahead.
Flipper length among females is 11 13 percent of body length.
