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(45) The most sensitive measurement of nanomaterial toxicity is the combined incidence of mortality and malformations, shown in 3a.
Percent mortality and malformations per beaker were averaged across replicates for a total sample size of three beakers per treatment.
The large numbers of patients allowed for detailed risk assessments, also including rare complications such as perinatal mortality and malformations.
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Dishes were examined daily to follow the developmental progress, hatchability, mortality, and malformation.
This paper describes changes in embryonic metabolism and behaviour, as well as in mortality and malformation rates, in response to manipulations in environmental temperature and relative humidity.
Overall, manipulations in environmental (incubator) temperature during incubation produced more drastic changes in embryo development than humidity-related manipulations, especially where mortality and malformation rates were concerned.
Initial experiments clearly showed that water from affected sites induced mortality and malformation in Xenopus embryos, while water from reference sites had little or no effect.
Overall, manipulations in environmental (incubator) temperature during incubation produced more drastic changes in embryo development than humidity-related manipulations, especially whenever mortality and malformation rates were concerned.
Fraction II (300 μg/g of diet)., containing compounds 1, 2 and 3, was the most toxic substance with 80% pupal mortality and wing malformations in adults.
Indeed such effects were present and independent of sex-biased offspring mortality and offspring malformations.
So far only preovulatory aging has been analyzed in Xenopus laevis that leads to high mortality and various malformations [26] comparable to what we observed here in postovulatory aging.
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