The configuration is two trees matched canopy to canopy, and has freedom to morph in several directions: channel orientations (diagonal vs. orthogonal), channel sizes, and system sizes.
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Therefore two scenarios can be proposed: 1) a basal loss of winged morphs and their later re-evolution and 2) a winged ancestor and the independent and recurrent losses of the winged morph in several lineages.
Conversely, environmentally driven selection has been shown to be an unlikely explanation for geographic variation in morph frequencies in several polymorphic lizard species (Podarcis gaigae [ 11], Anolis sagrei [ 9], Urosaurus ornatus [ 55]).
The common buzzard (Buteo buteo; Aves: Accipitriformes) is a widespread and common Eurasian raptor with three distinct plumage morphs that differ in several fitness-related traits, including parasite infestation.
Large geographic variation in frequencies and densities of males and female morphs has been described in several species [ 43- 45], which allows us to investigate the role of social interactions in maintaining sex-limited polymorphisms.
Furthermore, transitions towards heteroecy necessitate changes in the ability to produce certain morphs (heteroecious species must necessarily produce winged males, while some of the monoecious Brachycaudus produced unwinged males only [ 14]) as well as changes in host preference for Prunus in several morphs (winged males and gynoparae).
The financial crisis morphed into fiscal crises in several countries, and negative feedback loops between banks' portfolios and public debts have been at play.
Most colour polymorphisms are due to differences in the type or amount of melanins present in each morph, which also differ in several behavioural, morphometric and physiological attributes.
