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In freshwater fish, divergence of morphs has been frequently shown along the pelagic-littoral habitat axis of lakes (i.e., from the near shore to open-water habitats) [ 3].
The inheritance of the PA and PG morphs has been reported for both genera in 1980s (Gleeson, 1982; Thompson and Romberg, 1985).
Large geographic variation in frequencies and densities of males and female morphs has been described in several species [ 43- 45], which allows us to investigate the role of social interactions in maintaining sex-limited polymorphisms.
Based on observations [ 29] and experiments from their natural habitats as well as the laboratory, these different morphs are known to mate assortatively [ 25] and significant genetic differentiation between morphs has been found in two crater lakes [ 21, 23, 24].
The population at Katoto, which is located near a bay that separates "bluish"and "yellow-blotched" morphs, has been assumed to originate from an admixture of the two morphs, since it displays an intermediate colour pattern and contains haplotypes from both sides of the bay [ 33].
We studied the common North American damselfly, Nehalennia irene, for which male harassment estimates towards female morphs has been shown to vary in a positive frequency-dependent manner [34, Bots J, Iserbyt A, Hammers M, Van Gossum H, Sherratt TN: Frequency-dependent sexual selection in two intra-specific mimicry systems, in preparation].
Similar(54)
Once such female morphs have been formed, ongoing and chronic sexual conflict should maintain the morphs through frequency-dependent selection favouring the rarer morphs [15], [16].
Moreover, in males, different color morphs have been shown to vary in the temporally-dependent increase of plasma testosterone during the day.
So far, few examples of such resource morphs have been reported (e.g., Icelandic threespine sticklebacks between mud and lava habitats [10], [11]).
Three main colour morphs have been reported in Britain: f. succinea, f. spectabilis, and f. conspicua.
Tropheus colour morphs have been subject to alternating episodes of isolation and secondary contact because of lake level fluctuations.
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