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Interest in the potential for environmental conditions and age to affect the magnitude of inbreeding depression, either in life history components or in morphometric traits has a long history in laboratory populations [ 8, 21- 23].
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The impact of hybridization on karyotypes, morphometric and fitness traits has not been studied systematically in all these 16 Cytoraces together.
Because morphometric and behavioural traits have been identified as key traits in L. migratoria phase change [ 25], we used them simultaneously in two multivariate analyses of morphometric and behavioural phases, respectively.
Those traits have served Neil well.
Variations in morphometric traits of A. melegueta have been acquired over the years due to co-evolution with its ecological habitat.
All analysed morphometric traits, except head length (HL), had similar loadings on the first axis and evenly contribute to variation in body size.
Morphometric traits describing size and shape have likely been subject to ecological selection and thus appear to track local environmental variation regardless of subspecies identity.
The present study has shown that morphometric traits of A. melegueta are greatly influenced by its ecological habitat.
These subspecies are thought to also differ somewhat in morphometric traits, for example, M. m. cruentatus has been described as weighing less than M. m. melanocephalus[ 12].
Although subject to much research over decades (e.g. [7], [14]), relatively few studies have investigated heritability of morphometric traits in three-spined sticklebacks ([12], [15] [19]; see also [20]).
Although plants from Santiago showed good nutrition condition, they did not necessarily have higher values of morphometric traits in both plants and fruits; however, these plants showed higher values of main stem diameter and root dry weight, also in some morphometric traits in fruits such as peduncle length, fruit length and pulp/seeds ratio.
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