In addition, morphometric similarities between different loess landscapes needs to be addressed and the historical and spatial contingency inherent in loess-landscape evolution incorporated in models for improved spatial prediction of loess parent materials.
Thus, besides morphometric similarities, the PDP of the late Miocene Orrorin displays the typically human set of morphological features functionally related to human pad-to-pad precision grasping (Figure 2 and Videos S3 S4; [4]).
Beyond geological assumption of a land connection between Europe and Africa in the continuity of the Maghrebides at the level of the present Sicilian canal until late the Pliocene (2 Myr; [ 31]), allozyme and morphometric features indicate similarities between southernmost Italian samples analysed and eastern north African populations [ 9, 14].
In addition to the mtDNA-based identification of this group, morphometric analyses find similarity between the new field-sampled individuals and the Mu1050 museum C. crossleyi individual (LF Groeneveld, unpublished data).
ANOSIM (analysis of similarity test) was used to test the null hypothesis that primary shape of each developed colony, as represented by its morphometric characters, was similar to other colonies' shape in the same experimental group.
(i) The existence of the statistical differences between some cases within the same group seems surprising, if the understanding of the case similarity is confined to the similarity of the morphometric parameters.
Further research by Peter Dodson, including a 1990 cladistic analysis and a 1993 study using RFTRA (resistant-fit theta-rho analysis), a morphometric technique which systematically measures similarities in skull shape, reinforces Triceratops placement in the ceratopsine subfamily.
Given the large geographic distribution of our study sites and the similarity of key morphometric variables between continents, it is very unlikely that the differences we observed in water quality between North America and Europe are solely due to geomorphology or climate.
The characterization of cases and, respectively, groups by the morphometric parameter mean values allows the quantification of the similarity of the cases within a group and, respectively, of the differences between the three groups within the study.
In this study, multivariate morphometric analyses were performed for testing relationships based on morphological similarity of Aphis, especially comprising the four species groups, namely the gossypii group, the craccivora group, the fabae group, and the spiraecola group.
Sample identifications generally followed Veron [ 4]; however, since misidentification is a major problem in this genus, identifications should be considered tentative until the genus is revised, or until morphometric analysis (e.g. [ 40, 41]) can verify similarity to type specimens.
