The morphometric characters were divided into three categories linear, areal and relief aspects of the basin.
Changes in behaviour, size and other morphometric characters are potentially linked to the sexually antagonistic selection response.
These clines in morphometric and anatomical characters were attributed to either the presence or absence of light (e.g., assumed for eye size, opsin genes, and optic tectum dimensions) or the presence or absence of H2S (e.g., assumed for head size).
The gossypii group generally showed reduced quantitative values for characters used in morphometric analysis, and many characters were simplified.
The continuous characters measured in this study have been shown to be useful in other morphometric studies of aphids [22], [23], [25], [51], while the meristic characters were new characters adopted from morphometric and biometric analyses of Aphis [52], [53], [54].
A morphometric dataset was constructed by measuring/counting 28 characters in 40 species; 17 characters were continuous, and 11 characters were meristic (Table 1; Figure S4).
Anderson [ 3], in his study of the Red Rock population using morphometric and meristic characters found that the means for each of these characters were most similar to those of the west side of the Bay, typified by Marin County and the San Francisco Peninsula, rather than those of the East Bay.
All characters were included.
Gap characters were ignored.
The median value for point estimates of heritability for morphometric characters, length, and weight was 0.52 in this study, a value higher than the median value of 0.29 observed from a meta-analysis of heritability for all morphological characters (including morphometric characters, length, weight) across salmonid species [41].
