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Of course, this comparison was done only for single accessions from in vitro cultivated Funariaceae and one can therefore expect more morphological variance in the field as well as from other accessions grown under in vitro conditions.
We compared the amount of morphological variance in these groups, the amount of phenotypic changes related to the different factors and the direction of morphological change in a morphometric space.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05463.007 Next, we wanted to know whether the radiation of mouthparts in Diplogastridae that had dimorphism in their history represented a measurable increase in morphological variance with respect to outgroups.
This size and morphological variance arises from either variations in growth rates or differences in the relative times of onset of sexual maturity; in other words, it arises from heterochrony (see, for example, the work by Denoël et al. (2009) on European newts).
Percent of genital morphological variance explained by the first 5 principal components (PCs) in intraspecific and global (Dorosphila buzzattii + D. Koepferace + hybrids) analyses.
In this study, we quantified shape variation using geometric morphometric measures, which were important in distilling the quantitative genetic contribution of morphological variance.
Results were summarized across the first three axes only as they contributed the most to the total morphological variance and analyzing up to five axes total did not affect the relative ranking of populations in morphological space (see Results).
We calculated pairwise estimates of PST, or the proportion of the total morphological variance attributable to differences between populations, following Leinonen et al. (2006) and Phillimore et al. (2008) using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to estimate variance components in pairwise comparisons.
The gene deletion strains had higher morphological variance than the natural strains.
Conversely, in D. buzzatii, the Cactus by Line interaction was significant for PC1, which describes changes in the process of the ventral margin and accounts for an important proportion (30%) of the explained morphological variance.
For each assemblage we then used the 125 specimens' seven Mmax scores to calculate a 7×7 morphological variance-covariance matrix.
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