Goswami et al. [ 21] found no evidence for cranial constraint when comparing the adult morphological variance of extant and extinct metatherian and eutherian hypercarnivores, although the early-ossifying oral apparatus was not assessed separately.
This size and morphological variance arises from either variations in growth rates or differences in the relative times of onset of sexual maturity; in other words, it arises from heterochrony (see, for example, the work by Denoël et al. (2009) on European newts).
Histologically, these tumours consist of a mixture of epidermoid, mucous and intermediate cells and may be classified as low, intermediate or high grade, reflecting differing compositions of cell types, extent of mitosis, anaplasia, and morphological variance ranging from cystic through to solid in nature [ 7, 8, 10].
It has the highest morphological variance of all Iberian barbels and is intermediate between several species, not only in meristic traits as seen in the present study and [ 21] but also in trophically relevant ones, such as mouth shape and position [ 35– 35].
Thus, our analyses confirmed that the mosaic strains contained a higher morphological variance than that of the parental strains and validated our procedure.
Of course, this comparison was done only for single accessions from in vitro cultivated Funariaceae and one can therefore expect more morphological variance in the field as well as from other accessions grown under in vitro conditions.
The morphological variance was compared between 110 most distinct gene deletion strains and 36 typical natural yeast strains using a generalized linear model.
Percent of genital morphological variance explained by the first 5 principal components (PCs) in intraspecific and global (Dorosphila buzzattii + D. Koepferace + hybrids) analyses.
We calculated pairwise estimates of PST, or the proportion of the total morphological variance attributable to differences between populations, following Leinonen et al. (2006) and Phillimore et al. (2008) using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to estimate variance components in pairwise comparisons.
Conversely, in D. buzzatii, the Cactus by Line interaction was significant for PC1, which describes changes in the process of the ventral margin and accounts for an important proportion (30%) of the explained morphological variance.
