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We considered these morphological variables to represent gill size and gill spatial extension, and all of the variables together to indicate the development of the external gills.
After rearing salamander larvae in each condition for 22 days, we measured five gill morphological variables to quantify development of the external gill.
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To describe the morphological dynamics of vitrified/warmed blastocysts and to identify quantitative morphological variables related to implantation.
This is consistent with Blomberg et al.'s [19] observation that morphological variables tend to be less labile (ie, tend to present more phylogenetic inertia) than behavioral and physiological ones; this is ascertained by the fact that the use of 9 species in the phylogeny is sub-threshold for the detection of signal by Blomberg et al.'s [19] method.
To confirm these observations, two morphological variables related to tree size, tree height (TH) and tree canopy volume (TCV), were measured in two consecutive years (2004 and 2005) for each line, and the data were analyzed statistically.
RDA works much like a principal components analysis (PCA), which is commonly used to examine several morphological variables at once.
If this variation in energy expenditure translates into variation in fitness and if wingtip shape is heritable, which is likely because morphological variables tend to be highly heritable in songbirds [24], natural selection could cause the evolution of relatively pointed wings in migrants.
Values for several quantitative morphological variables related to reproductive investment, known from Arabidopsis fca mutant studies, weakly though positively correlate with increasing glutamine tract length.
Plot modelled vigour classification was re-estimated with only three morphological variables and compared to the original classification.
After rearing the salamanders for 22 days (to stages 55 62), we measured the five gill morphological variables and body mass to quantify the development of external gill morphology (see section on gill measurements).
Adult specimens were measured by a single author (AG) for six morphological variables using a caliper (to the nearest 0.1 mm) or a ruler.
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