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Recent morphological treatment of selected pterioideans and molecular phylogenetic analyses of higher-level relationships in Bivalvia have challenged the traditional view that pterioidean families are monophyletic.
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Thus, if we have several alternative morphological treatments of the same structure, we can select the covariant/invariant with the minimum weight and reject the alternatives.
This struck us as surprisingly few such papers; however, given that the phylogenetic approach has been mainstream only over the past 30+ years, and that morphological treatments of this sort may take an author 6 10 years to produce, the number may well be representative for other taxonomic groups.
At least two recent morphological treatments have recognized some affinity of P. krempfii to P. gerardiana and P. bungeana of subsection Gerardianae, based on cuticular micromorphology and the morphology of tracheid and parenchyma cells [ 94, 96].
Morphological taxonomic treatments of Canarium place the Malagasy taxa within Southeast Asian species complexes [ 14], which casts doubt on the hypothesis of an Oligocene African origin.
Furthermore, X-ray diffraction shows no evidence of morphological change after treatment of PPy/pTS (43 μm), but in PPy/pTS (12 μm) and PPy/ClO4− (41 μm) films an additional peak is indicative of more ordered structure following treatment.
AFM studies were also carried out to study the morphological changes occurred after treatment of small and large size gold nanomaterials.
However, the technique is changing and must not remain only morphological especially in monitoring treatment of cancers.
The normal glial cells also failed to undergo the typical morphological changes seen following treatment of the glioma cells.
With the current time constraints, we feel that a thorough morphological description and quantitative treatment of the lattice changes is out of the scope of the present study.
The same criticism can certainly also be raised regarding delimitation and treatment of morphological characters (many of which may be of low phylogenetic utility), however the same problem holds [ 58].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com