We chose to focus on shell variation because measurements can be precisely collected on this structure and because of its complexity as a morphological trait, resulting from the interaction of many genes [21].
We found that free IGF1 in KIR mice promoted increases in all morphological bone traits, resulting in more robust, stronger bones when compared with controls.
Artificial selection during domestication and crop improvement involved selection of specific alleles at genes controlling key morphological and agronomic traits, resulting in reduced genetic diversity relative to unselected genes.
As shown in Figure 2, if modularity constrains morphological evolution, then the high correlations among traits in the "strong" modules should limit the variation of individual traits, resulting in low morphological disparity (constraint).
The identification of major groupings emphasizing developmental processes reflects the emphasis of gene knockouts and developmental models resulting in observable morphological traits and less so with regard to end stage clinical diseases as in the human dendrogram.
(a d), GWAS results for morphological traits using GBS SNPs with less than 10% missing data without imputation: row type (a), awn roughness (b), lemma adherence (c).
As a result, if morphological traits in a species are influenced by tree cover, such deforestation is predicted to lead to a reduction of divergence across the rainforest-savanna gradient.
Findings based on morphological traits were often discordant with results from molecular studies.
Previous work examining morphological traits in willow showed similar results with regard to diploids and tetraploids, however no triploids were ever examined [ 28].
The tetraploids examined in Tharaken et al. [ 28] Previous work examining morphological traits in willow showed similar results with regard to diploids and tetraploids, however no triploids were ever examined [ 28].
