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In the field, all M3 families were inspected closely for novel morphological traits compared to the wild type.
Rieseberg et al. [ 4] found a higher fraction of antagonistic QTL in intraspecific v. interspecific crosses, morphological traits compared to life history traits, and developmental events when compared to all other traits, but did not compare the fraction of antagonistic QTL in traits under abiotic v. biotic selection.
A study on 4718 haploid nonessential gene deletion strains revealed that approximately half showed abnormal morphological traits compared to the parental strain [ 6], and approximately 500 of these genes were thought to be phenotypic capacitors required for the maintenance of phenotypic robustness [ 7].
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Prior work has found stronger selection on morphological traits as compared to life history or phenology traits, as well as stronger sexual and fecundity selection compared to selection for survival [ 34].
This stabilized introgressant (at the 10th selfed generation) was homogeneous in phenotype and DNA fingerprinting patterns, and exhibited heritable, novel morphological characteristics in multiple traits compared with its rice parental cultivar Matsumae (Shan et al. 2005; Wang et al. 2005).
Accordingly, field tests showed that the introgressants exhibited heritable and novel morphological characteristics in multiple traits compared with their rice parental cultivar Matsumae (Shan et al. 2005; Wang et al. 2005).
The three stabilized introgressants (at the 9th selfed generation) were homogeneous in phenotype and DNA fingerprinting patterns, and exhibited heritable, novel morphological characteristics in multiple traits compared with their rice parental cultivar Matsumae [ 20, 21].
Since changes of plant growth were considered as primary symptoms of As-toxicity, morphological traits were also compared between CK and HAs (Fig. 1).
Working with 100 teeth and jaws from multiple individuals--all about 37 million years old--they compared 360 morphological traits in 117 living and extinct primates, in the most complete analysis assembled so far of extinct primates.
In contrast, comparing contemporary morphological traits among both habitats and regions does not allow one to avoid possible confounding regional differences (e.g., intrinsic differences in species riches between regions that could influence morphology through competition).
The apparent congruence between these two different mechanisms of sexual selection may be the reason that head width and mouthpart size are all positively allometric in males when compared with other morphological traits (Table S1, Fig. S2).
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