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The concept of evolutionary convergence in morphological traits among phylogenetically unrelated organisms because of their ecological similarities is one of the most venerable in evolutionary ecology, and indeed has attracted the attention of ecologists for a long time.
In contrast, comparing contemporary morphological traits among both habitats and regions does not allow one to avoid possible confounding regional differences (e.g., intrinsic differences in species riches between regions that could influence morphology through competition).
Heterogeneity of morphological traits among the participants was sought out.
A wide range of variation exits in terms of morphological traits among the individual lines.
In addition, Keeley et al. (2007) demonstrated that differences in these morphological traits among these populations had a significant genetic component and these authors argued that such morphological distinction was, at least in part, a response to natural selection in contrasting environments.
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However, for a number of morphological traits, especially among the fins, the balance of control was more in favour of phenotypic plasticity.
Significant differences (P < 0.001) in 14 morphological traits were found among colonies inhabiting 12 locations distributed in seven reefs in southwest Puerto Rico.
Among the morphological traits studied in this context, morphology affecting the degree of concealment of the female genitalia has not been considered.
Now, a broad evo-devo approach involving both evolutionary and developmental genetics provides experimental analysis of such bias, revealing how shared genetic or developmental pathways among morphological traits contribute to the evolution of complexity and diversity, and that developmental bias itself evolves, generating variation in evolvability.
Early researchers identified "functional components" to systems such as the cranium [1], and subsequent studies of morphological integration [2], [3] and phenotypic modularity [4] have sought to quantify and generalize these relationships among morphological traits.
Covariation among morphological traits was assessed using principal components analysis (PCA), as implemented in PAST [ 92].
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