This morphological trade-off between adjacent body segments can occur due to competition for metabolic resources during pre-adult development (Nijhout and Emlen, 1998).
Our finding that the ratio of the lengths of T1 and T2 is inverted between queens and workers suggests that a morphological trade-off was at play in determining the relative size of these two segments.
To say that in fewer words, if no more meaningfully: the equity-efficiency trade off is a trade off between a trade off and equity.
Trade off driving duties if possible.
Importantly, these different modes of locomotion are associated with morphological and physiological trade-offs [3], [4].
Understanding the causes of phylogenetic signal for even a single trait is difficult, as numerous factors can limit changes over evolutionary time (e.g. slow diversification rates, insufficient time, strong selection, morphological constraints and trade-offs; Wiens et al. 2010).
Such sexual dimorphism most likely reflects challenges that are unique to males or females in the context of morphological differences, physiological trade-offs and differential gene regulation between genotypes.
This is because, except for the extremes, the flowers do not experience morphological, fit-related trade-offs, where the size of the flower must match exactly the size and shape of the pollinator for pollen to be picked up and deposited, as described above.
How should we judge trade offs?
"People are beginning to make trade offs.
Thus, trade-offs between physiological, morphological or behavioural traits might be constrained and so limit adaptation when ontogeny occurs across different environments [1].
