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Overall, the Smerinthinae+Sphinginae lineage most closely matches the morphological trees of Rothschild and Jordan [1], and Nakamura [44], but as yet no definitive morphological synapomorphy is known.
The potential morphological synapomorphy is the absence of indusia [ 18, 62].
The morphological synapomorphy is the flat scales in comparison with the Dryopsis clade, the Erythrovariae clade, and the Variae clade.
Similar(57)
Smerinthini, even excluding Langia and Sphingulini, are a morphologically heterogeneous group for which morphological synapomorphies are lacking.
This grouping is a novel hypothesis, and no morphological synapomorphies are yet apparent, although a close relationship among some of the included Macroglossina had been tentatively postulated on the basis of their shared spinose tibiae [1], [2].
Moreover, no morphological synapomorphies are known to support a close relationship of Umbraculoidea and Aplysiomorpha/Pteropoda.
The potential major morphological synapomorphies are the rachis and costa grooves that are closed near their bases and the multi-cellular hairs (see above).
The affinities between Carlastyanax and Creagrutus were recently explored [ 21], and seven morphological synapomorphies were identified uniting these genera, with one of these being unique among characids (the presence of a ligament between the ascending process of the maxilla and the dorsal margin of the alveolar premaxillary ramus).
As a result, no exclusive morphological synapomorphy can be found for ellobiids within the broader context of all pulmonates [ 1].
This synapomorphy is maintained in DmePIWI, but not in DmeAub.
However, the essential, traditionally accepted morphological synapomorphy of Pulmonata is the presence of a special neurosecretory system comprising procerebrum and cerebral gland [ 26, 66- 68].
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