Meanwhile, several morphological and molecular studies proposed a more derived position of Remipedia within Pancrustacea, including a sister group relationship to Hexapoda.
Notably, it exhibits the major characteristics of the phylotypic stage proposed by morphological studies: pharyngula stage [ 10], early somite segmentation stage [ 11], and tailbud stage [ 12].
O'Donnell et al. [ 14] and O'Donnell and Cigelnik [ 14, 17] showed that some sections proposed by morphological studies form paraphyletic or polyphyletic groups, such as Sporotrichiella and Discolor.
On the basis of the structural and morphological studies, a possible rolling mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of Sb nanotubes.
The existence of an interaction between the actin cytoskeleton and caveolae has been proposed in several morphological studies.
In contrast to the bilaterian and chordate ancestor indexes, vertebrate, tetrapod, and amniote ancestor indexes did not show prominent peaks, covering the presumptive periods of the vertebrate phylotypic stage proposed by comparative morphological studies (such as the pharyngula stage [ 10], the early somite segmentation stage [ 11], and the tailbud stage [ 12]).
On the basis of the structural and morphological studies, a possible rolling formation mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of Sb nanotubes.
Non-trivial relationships recovered by our analyses with high support (i.e., basal arrangement of endeostigmatid lineages, the position of marine mites, polyphyly of Eupodina) had been proposed by previous underappreciated morphological studies.
Within Pipidae, our results supported the monophyly of dactylethrines (Xenopus and Silurana) as in other molecular studies [ 14, 32] and recent morphological studies [ 17], and significantly rejected the previously proposed paraphyletic basal arrangement of Xenopus and Silurana [ 19, 29].
The proposed system allows for not only morphological studies and quantification of the changes occurring in cellular samples in the presence of nanomaterials, but also for the investigation of diversified experiments in more flexible application domains.
