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Given that nDNA phylogenies (e.g. [ 15]) may reflect the true species relationships more reliably than mtDNA phylogenies with Macaca being basal to the Papionina, we would assume that morphological similarities result from convergent adaptation.
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Comparative morphological analyses within a phylogenetic framework help to unravel the complex patterns of skeletal morphological evolution [ 8- 10] and are essential for 1) assessing evolutionary trends [ 10, 11], 2) inferring changes in rates of evolution [ 12], and 3) ascertaining whether observed similarities result from common descent or are acquired independently [ 8, 13].
It is likely that some so-called morphological synapomorphies in traditional systematics are in fact morphological similarities as a result of convergent evolution.
If the evolutionary analysis in step 2 is replaced by an evaluation of morphological similarities and discontinuities, the result is a so-called 'alpha-taxonomic' classification.
The replacement rather than a sympatric coexistence of the lineages could be caused by the morphological similarities between the lineages and resulting competitive exclusion [ 52].
These two species have strong morphological similarities [16], but our results show that they diverged from each other at 10 MA (Figure 5).
The H. sapiens scaphoid morphology shares morphological similarities with both Au.
We propose that the clade uniting the nectar-feeding bats is the result of morphological similarities associated with ecological adaptations to nectar feeding.
Triatominae species that overlap in geographic distribution are sometimes subjected to the same ecological pressures, and it remains a question whether the evident morphological similarities among them are a result of ecological convergences or of their phylogenetic relationships.
Our results show many morphological similarities between Baltic coast and coastal lake populations of nine-spined sticklebacks, mirroring the pattern of low levels of genetic differentiation.
Morphological similarity may also have resulted from introgressive hybridization between the two species in areas of sympatry [ 34, 35].
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