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In speech, early L2 learners of English have been observed to supply forms of copula be more frequently than auxiliary be, and both more frequently than affixal regular past –ed and 3rd person singular present tense –s in contexts where morphological marking is required for native speakers.
(Malkiel 1957; Lehmann 2005) The excessive morphological marking has the effect of mutual reinforcing.
In the applicative construction the verb bears a particular affix (the applicative morpheme), and this morphological marking licenses an oblique, or noncore, argument that would not otherwise be considered a part of the verb's argument structure.
But at this period, any morphological marking of the resultant state was certainly no longer transparent for the speaker.48 Although these examples evidently represent cases of deontic modality, the identification of a particular agent is explicitly avoided.
The increase in complexity in the modal system of MC observable in the early Medieval Buddhist literature might have been triggered by the loss of the morphological marking of the lexical aspect, similar to the Germanic languages.
We could have said, picking out the main points, "because" syntactic classes are clearcut and the order of the elements of clause structure signals experiential meaning, there is no need for words to carry any morphological marking; and "because" words have got longer, and compounding is rather strictly taxonomic, there is no need to maintain an inventory of so many distinct syllables.
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Abaza (Northwest Caucasian) also exhibits a construction in which a morphological mark on the verb licenses certain oblique arguments, including benefactive, adversative, instrumental, comitative, and locative.
The denomination of concepts, however, is not always done using lexical units that present some morphological mark that characterizes the domain to which it belongs.
Regarding simple lexical terms, the difficulties are mainly related to the identification of candidates with no morphological marks of specificity that indicate the terminological potential, i.e., candidates that are also used in the general language by a non-expert.
Many of the chromosomes have a similar centromere localization, which initially made it difficult to differentiate them, but staining with AD/DAPI was found to be a very efficient method for chromosome characterization, producing a high number of morphological marks that enabled full distinction of the eight chromosome pairs.
The finding that sucrose application increased the proportion of leaves with hairs on their lower surface (Yang et al., 2013)—a morphological mark for the onset of the adult phase further supports the conclusion that the effect of sugar on miR156 and SPL expression has functional significance.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com