This map included 75 RAPD markers (64 dominant and 11 codominant), a gene-specific marker for the alcohol dehydrogenase locus, two isoenzyme markers, phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi-2) and shikimate dehydrogenase (Sdh), and morphological markers for the major genes controlling the runnerless (r) and yellow fruit color (c) phenotypes.
First, a large population of treated seedlings was pre-screened for putative tetraploid lines by morphological markers in the present study.
The phenotype was originally identified as a recessive mutation in a strain heterozygous for morphological markers in the central cluster of chromosome I, dpy-5 e61) dpy-5 e613) unc-15 e73 unc-15 e73
Twelve rolled leaf (rl) mutants in rice are reported and the corresponding genes are mapped genetically, of which, six rl genes are mapped on rice chromosomes by morphological markers and the rest are directly mapped in rice genome by molecular markers [ 10- 14].
The uniformity of lepidopteran chromosomes, the absence of morphological markers such as the centromeres and the lack of convenient differential banding techniques [ 61] make difficult the identification of individual chromosomes by standard cytogenetic methods.
In addition, combined data from molecular and morphological markers determined that the majority of the molecular variation (64%) in 12 New Jersey switchgrass populations existed within populations, whereas 36% was between populations (Cortese et al. 2010).
On the other hand, use of morphological markers cannot identify the HF events resulting from maternal gametes.
Although the website is intending to lampoon the scientific need to locate visible, morphological markers of difference, the experience of being examined in this way evokes scientific racism of all sorts, from phrenological justifications for slavery to Nazi theories of racial differences in face shape.
Due to confounding factors associated with using morphological markers such as the color of different components of the kernel, it is hard to design an experiment to test Sprague's original proposal [8] on paternal and maternal contribution to the HF events.
