However such morphological markers are often unreliable and ambigous because of the influence of environmental factors and confounding effects of developmental stage of the plant [ 4].
from other closely related B. dorsalis species complex flies for which morphological or molecular markers often already exist (such as for B. carambolae).
For example, within the spruce genera morphological and molecular markers often give conflicting results and multi-locus nuclear DNA data indicates that incomplete lineage sorting is a major challenge for inferring species trees [ 33].
Often such studies have compared different laboratory strains carrying different morphological markers.
Morphological markers for identifying the individuals are limited in number and they do not often reflect genetic relationships because of interaction with the environment, epistasis and the largely unknown genetic control of the traits (Smith and Smith 1989).
A genetic map of lettuce (Lactuca saliva L). with restriction fragment length polymorphism, isozyme, disease resistance and morphological markers.
Yan, Z. et al. Construction of an integrated map of rose with AFLP, SSR, PK, RGA, RFLP, SCAR and morphological markers.
The first several diploid rose genetic maps utilized morphological markers as well as molecular markers and had from less than a hundred to about three hundred markers covering about 300 500 cM for each parental map11,17,18,19.
However, morphological markers are not considered reliable because they are affected by environmental and cultivation conditions.
In addition, the morphological markers for juvenile-adult phase change are different among plant species.
