This is associated with physiological and morphological changes (increases in cell size and myofibrillogenesis) and changes in gene expression including increased expression of immediate early genes (IEGs), and re-expression of genes normally expressed in early development [10].
From the morphological perspective, increase in polymer concentration led to change of porous to spongy like structure while increasing PEG concentration led to increase in macrovoids area.
Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is associated with morphological changes (increase in cell size and contractile apparatus) that are facilitated by changes in gene expression and an increase in the rate of protein synthesis [1], [2].
GBM induces reactive gliosis in surrounding brain tissues, which is characterized by morphological changes, increase in GFAP immunoreactivity and cellular distribution, besides the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines [ 22, 23].
Rsv 30 μM plus TMZ 100 μM (hereafter referred to as RT) did not induce loss of membrane integrity, large morphological alterations, increase in annexinV/PI-staining or ROS when cells were treated for 48 h (Additional file 2: Figure S2), indicating that apoptosis, necrosis or a major imbalance in ROS levels are not involved in the reduction in cell number induced by RT.
Interestingly, the retention of genes after such large-scale duplication events has been shown to be biased towards certain functional classes [ 16, 19, 20] and it has been argued that such biased retention of duplicated genes has been a driving force for morphological complexity, increase in biological diversity and eukaryote adaptive radiation [ 13, 21].
These morphological changes coincided with increases in the number of TUNEL- neurons in the same regions of hippocampus in the injured mice.
Duplication, and gene loss and rearrangements occurring after such whole-genome duplication, led to subsequent evolution and increases in morphological complexity.
We show that prolonged exposure to pharmacologically-relevant levels of boric acid, the naturally occurring form of boron circulating in human plasma, induces the following morphological changes in cells: increases in granularity and intracellular vesicle content, enhanced cell spreading and decreased cell volume.
Adaptive radiations commonly generate a distinctive pattern of temporal change in disparity, where morphological divergence increases quickly in the first phase, and slows down towards present time, as the niches are filled [ 22].
