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A great deal is known about the morphological endpoints of plant cell death, but relatively little is known about its sequence of events and / or its execution at the biochemical level.
Short term studies may draw incomplete conclusions about the selective nature of harvest, and studies that examine only life history or morphological endpoints of wild populations (e.g., Yoneda and Wright 2004; Hamilton et al. 2007) may not reveal annual variability and intermediary processes within a population that can have broader ecosystem impacts.
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These developmental stages are defined by morphological endpoints, such as differentiation of the axon, establishment of the apical dendrite, but also functional endpoints such as onset of spontaneous activity (Baj et al. 2014; Hogberg et al. 2010) or conversion of GABAergic-mediated neurotransmission from excitatory to inhibitory (Ben-Ari and Spitzer 2010).
Most studies evaluated traditionally assessed morphological endpoints, while one investigation of plant fractions focused on ectopic tail formation [41].
We observed TCS-induced perturbations in all of the molecular and morphological endpoints indicating that TCS exposure disrupts coordination of postembryonic tadpole development.
Effects of test compounds on levels of gene expression, enzyme activity, and morphological endpoints were determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher LSD multi comparison procedure, where appropriate.
Most of these assays have been performed in 96-well or other microwell plates with bigger sample volumes and simpler readouts than individual cell morphological endpoints.
One prominent drawback of the classical EST, which is shared by other in vitro assays for embryotoxicity such as the whole embryo culture test and the rat limb bud micromass test, is its reliance on a morphological endpoint.
In particular, the work of Brain et al. supports the read-across hypothesis: the effects in the plant Lemna gibba was seen at low μg/L doses, and the molecular endpoint used (mevalonic acid pathway biosynthesis, which is regulated by HMGR)—directly related to the mode of action of the drugs tested was some 2 3 times more sensitive than a gross morphological endpoint (wet weight).
A landscape genetic approach involving molecular and morphological analyses identified three endpoints of differentiated population groups: coastal, upland and southern.
How many constraints at the endpoints of the spline?
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