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We next investigated how patterned PLL might influence the morphologies of cell types with different inherent tendencies to exhibit complex morphological elaboration.
Microcontact printing of growth promoting substrates can be used to examine substrate preferences exhibited by various cultured cells and to guide the morphological elaboration of complex cells like neurons and oligodendrocyte precursors.
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Morphological elaborations of the waterfowl vagina could be functions of vagina length, however, vagina length itself has also been hypothesized to co-evolve as a response to increased phallus size and sperm length in several taxa [28] [32].
However, male waterfowl have a phallus whose length (1.5 >40 cm) and morphological elaborations vary among species and are positively correlated with the frequency of forced extra-pair copulations among waterfowl species.
ARP designed this study, carried out the molecular alignment employing the rRNA secondary structure, conducted Bayesian and POY analyses, participated in the scoring and elaboration of morphological matrices and drafted the manuscript.
We have shown previously that laminin-2 substrates promote the formation of a differentiated morphological phenotype in oligodendrocytes, as evidenced by increased elaboration of processes and myelin sheets, and that α6 and β1 integrin subunits are found throughout the process network of oligodendrocytes [ 12].
This has prompted the notion of a 'point of no return' whereby the evolutionary elaboration and integration of behavioural, genetic and morphological traits over a very long period of time leads to a situation where reversion to solitary living is no longer an evolutionary option.
Points had essential characteristics whose expression required considerable effort and elaboration; thus, a good deal of joint technological, morphological, and perhaps historical information resides in the size and form of points and the description of the types that they may comprise.
The elaboration of blade shaped organs is a common morphological process in the plant kingdom.
However, elaboration of those differences was not provided, and no morphological changes are described for Arabidopsis or tobacco.
A phylogenetically controlled comparative analysis of 16 waterfowl species shows that the degree of vaginal elaboration is positively correlated with phallus length, demonstrating that female morphological complexity has co-evolved with male phallus length.
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