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The hourglass effect refers to higher morphological divergence at earlier or later stages of embryonic developmental, compared to medium stages.
This is particularly evident for M. sororis, M. deflexa, M. conferta and M. pulvinaris, which exhibit no range overlap and very little morphological divergence, at least in terms of the traits sampled in this study.
The evolution of damselfishes exemplifies a case of reticulate adaptive radiation [ 3] in which morphological divergence at speciation has been associated with the repeated convergence on a limited number of ecotypes: algivory, omnivory and planktivory.
The manuscript by Akhshabi et al. proposes and describes in detail an evolutionary model that qualitatively reproduces the "Hourglass Effect ---a phEffect ---an thEffect ---al contEffect ---ay there is increased morphenomenon dinergence athearly and late stages of embiologicalvelopment separated by incontext conservation in the phylotypic stage.
Similar(56)
Therefore morphological divergence, even at the extreme levels displayed by carcinosarcomas, necessarily appears late in tumor progression, well after the initial hits that cause cancer.
If punctuated equilibrium were established conclusively to represent the exclusive mode of species formation in a clade and an accurate and complete phylogenetic tree were available for that clade that included all living and extinct species, then one could reasonably interpret the internal nodes as the points at which most morphological divergence took place among species.
Therefore, in cases showing genetic homogeneity despite great morphological divergence, genetic alterations might be present at loci other than those examined in the present study.
The solid black line, showing morphological divergence in volume of the olfactory bulbs, diverges from the broken line, showing the pattern under Brownian motion, at about 6 MYA and a sharp peak between 4 - 2 MYA.
Morphological divergence often increases with phylogenetic distance, thus making morphology taxonomically informative.
Certainly, we are unable at present to adequately quantify levels of morphological divergence in the East Asia Clade so that we could compare them with the more readily quantifiable levels of divergence in the molecular characteristics documented here (Figs. 1, 2 and 3).
A recurrent line showing greatest morphological divergence from the primary tumour line also demonstrated the greatest differences at the ultrastructural level, in increased production of plasminogen activator and in the composition of cell-surface glycoproteins.
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