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We found that the shift to a standardized pond environment not only induced marked phenotypic plasticity but also, at the same time, left a morphological distinctness among the populations intact in that the F1 offspring of all four pond-raised Tropheus populations could be equally differentiated.
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In the following we will refer to these as "species" based on their significant morphological distinctness, which is frequently greater than the morphological differences observed in most well-established (i.e. biological) species (e.g. Halichondria panicea and H. bowerbanki [21]).
Using a DSC (called 'phylogenetic' in their manuscript, although without the use of true autapomorphies), Cichla was recently revised to include 15 species based on inferred morphological distinctness [ 25].
Others do not even give allopolyploids species status due to lack of morphological distinctness (e.g., lack of diagnostic qualitative and discrete characters), and include them as subspecies of one of the parents [e.g., [ 9]].
In order to assess the morphological distinctness of these species, we conducted Principal Component analyses on log-transformed data of males and females separately with all variables centered and scaled in R [ 78] (95%% confidence ellipse probability threshold from ggbiplot package).
The first tendency recognized the distinctness among the three, but at the cost of their equality and hence of their unity (subordinationism); the second came to terms with their unity, but at the cost of their distinctness as "persons" (modalism).
We performed the MRPP test in order to diagnose the internal heterogeneity of burned area samples (within-class low dispersion of mean) and question their distinctness among other sampled land cover features (between-classes heterogeneity).
These GNMS markers could be used for establishing distinctness among rice varieties.
Distinctness among locations was assessed using leave one-out allocation success (Anderson and Robinson 2003).
Genetic distinctness among cladogenetically derived species on the older island is greater than among similarly derived species on the younger island.
We found sharp genetic distinctness among bacteria of closely related lineages and demonstrated the existence of an abrupt turning point in sequence divergence between any pair of Salmonella lineages compared.
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