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Morphological defects, similar to those displayed by ΔC3GMS mutant muscles, have also been reported for mutants in genes with established roles in the maintenance of muscle integrity as well as prevention of muscle degeneration and apoptosis, such as the Dystrophin family of proteins [24], [25].
We also expressed RNAi against A nk2L (Pielage et al., 2008) with OK371-Gal4, producing morphological defects similar to those resulting from downregulation of wg/ fz2/ Gαo (Fig. 5I).
In addition, morphological defects similar to those seen in the α5-shRNA-R1 neurons were detected in the EGFP+Cre+ α5 f/f migrating neurons (see multipolar cells with irregular shapes carrying several processes in Figs S4 and S5).
Furthermore, zebrafish exposed to VPA display morphological defects similar to those described in FVS, suggesting the validity of our system for modelling features of human FVS (Gurvich et al., 2005; Herrmann, 1993).
These displayed morphological defects similar to those of smo 640i homozygotes (Varga et al., 2001), namely a curved trunk and u-shaped somites, a phenotype indicative of a failure to respond to Hh signaling (supplementary material Fig. S2E).
Thus, Shh knockout in the placentas leads to the disturbance of TIB, and Gli3 knockdown in Shh−/− placentas almost completely rescues the abnormality of TIB, while Gli2 knockdown in Shh +/− placentas results in the morphological defects similar to those in Shh−/− placentas in some aspects.
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Using the 109(2)80-GAL4 driver, we specifically expressed the K57A alpha variant in these sensory neurons, which results in similar morphological defects (Figure 1A-F), indicating that this element is effective at genetically reducing AMPK function in a manner similar to loss of function mutations.
(4) Since the generation of functional truncated Ptenb protein could not be excluded in the ptenb mutants [32], the ptenb−/− embryos was treated with ptenb tMO1 and these mutant embryos showed similar morphological defects with wild type embryos.
Furthermore, we observed similar morphological defects following PI3K inhibition/absence in both MVA and WR infected cells, suggesting that the involvement of host PI3K is conserved across multiple poxviral species.
Similar morphological defects were also observed in vessels from α-pvΔEC embryos (Online Figure IIIB).
BSA-bead implanted embryos develop normally and have no morphological defects at 24 hpf, similar to control embryos.
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