The two KO lines showed indistinguishable phenotypes, i.e., neonatal death and morphological defects in the telencephalon, indicating that the conditional deletion was a true null mutation.
Flies homozygous mutant for any of the four Sans alleles were adult viable, male and female fertile, and had no gross morphological defects (data not shown), indicating that Sans is not essential for fly development and fertility.
Using the 109(2)80-GAL4 driver, we specifically expressed the K57A alpha variant in these sensory neurons, which results in similar morphological defects (Figure 1A-F), indicating that this element is effective at genetically reducing AMPK function in a manner similar to loss of function mutations.
DNA methylation increases during development of Dictyostelium discoideum and DNA methyltransferase mutant cells exhibit morphological defects in late development, indicating that DNA methylation has a regulatory role in Dictyostelium development [ 2].
Morphological alterations involved all superficial structures of sperm, in particular the plasma membrane of mid piece and neck as well as inner and outer acrosomal membranes of the acrosome indicating that morphological defects might be accounting for the immobilization of spermatozoa by E. coli.
The MC morphological defects in ceh-19 mutants indicate transcription of other genes is needed for proper MC differentiation.
However, when the p53 MO was co-injected with the ewsr1a MO or the ewsr1b MO, the morphological defect seen in the brain with the ewsr1a or ewsr1b MO alone was rescued, indicating that the morphological defects in the CNS induced by knock-down of ewsr1a and ewsr1b were mediated by the P53 pathway (Figure 5, compare d to e and f to g).
Cell cycle analysis of PMA-treated and untreated cells showed no significant differences, indicating that the morphological defects observed were not due to increased cell death under this conditions (supplementary material Fig. S7).
High magnification analysis of these cultures using SEM strongly indicated the presence of morphological defects in the absence of both Rac proteins (Fig. 5 A,B).
