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Morphological data can become saturated and biased.
The advantage of this is that morphological data can be combined with the extensive phenotypic data that has already been collected.
Stepping students through the historical approach based on morphological data can help them build their knowledge and scaffold their thinking to reason through molecular-based phylogenetic analysis (Lin et al., 2010).
A large amount of morphological data can be gleaned from fossil charcoal assemblages found in soils, sediments, and rocks, and when coupled to quantitation of charcoal abundance this approach may allow advances in our ability to make paleoecological and paleoenvironmental interpretations using the fossil record.
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Further details on the genetic and morphological data used can be found in the Data S1.
Morphological data also can be used for constructing distance trees.
In addition, like morphological data, hypotheses can be evaluated in light of additional data on specimen distribution, biology, and behavior.
In theory, the symplesiomorphy trap is not restricted to morphological data, but can also apply to sequence data [ 16].
Morphological data sets can exhaust character states as they incorporate more species so that further changes erode phylogenetic signal (Wagner, 2000).
More capacity in the taxonomy of plants and animals, both native and alien, is urgently needed (Smith et al. 2008 b ; Smith and Figueiredo 2009) because misidentification using both morphological and genetic data can have serious consequences.
We explore whether combining morphological data and DNA-data can stabilize taxa that are unstable in phylogenetic studies based on genetic data only.
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