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Using both molecular (mitochondrial and nuclear) and morphological characters, we assessed the variation within the nuthatch population.
Using these morphological characters, we suggest only S. glauca but not S. viridis seed at the NKLE site.
Although nearly all the synapomorphies were morphological characters, we attach no theoretical significance to this aspect of our materials.
Although the synapomorphies used in the present study were primarily morphological characters, we believe that other types of characters (e.g., behavioral, molecular) could have been used instead.
Figure 6C presents an alternative phylogeny, based on the pigments and the morphological characters we identified.
Our study utilizes a taxonomically well-sampled phylogeny to show convergent evolution in all six morphological characters we analyzed.
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Our present study indicates that there is substantial germplasm variability in the micro-morphological characters we assessed.
We then create a character matrix of habitat type and morphological characters, which we use to infer ancestral character states and test for correlation between habitat and morphology.
Morphological characters that we measured can be classified as tegminal characters, those that may be responsible for calling song production, and non-tegminal characters, which may be related to overall body size in crickets [ 26].
Then, as morphological characters are often misleading, we applied the method developed by Pons et al. [ 28] that determines, with no prior expectations, the locations of ancestral nodes to define putative species.
Assuming that all or some of these 18 reductive or simplified morphological characters likely represent homoplasy, we excluded them from the original dataset and the reduced dataset was subjected to maximum parsimony (MP) analysis, similar to that conducted by Pietsch and Orr [ 33].
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