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We report here on a cladistic analysis designed to test whether the inclusion of fossil taxa affects the ability of morphological characters to recover the molecular ape phylogeny.
This lack of data is addressed in this study, using their diverse endocarp ornamentation, by (1) carefully revising the various endocarp descriptors and providing detailed photographs of the discussed features, (2) developing a key based on endocarp morphological characters to identify the Menispermaceae genera and species in Taiwan.
To explore whether this dynamic history has promoted speciation in endemic and diverse groups of insects, we used a combination of mtDNA sequencing and morphological characters to estimate relationships and the tempo of divergence among Australian representatives of the dung beetle genus Temnoplectron.
Geastrum welwitschii also has similar morphological characters to G. minimum in having small fruit bodies, whitish spore sacs, and fibrillose peristomes.
These results suggest that cultured PGCs maintain similar morphological characters to those of PGCs in vivo.
We analyzed one mitochondrial gene (Cytochrome oxidase I), two nuclear genes (Histone III and Wingless) and morphological characters to infer the evolutionary relationship of the 13 Acilius species.
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In all our analyses based on nuclear rDNA data, the three species of Plakinastrella form a monophyletic group, thus making the combination of those spicules a valid morphological character to define this genus.
Hence, the number of prongs on scales is not a good morphological character to use for determining relationships within Tetranchyroderma, although it is extremely useful in dichotomous keys [cf 25].
Nor could Fain and Houde [ 3] identify a single shared derived morphological character to unit the members of Metaves.
It is at present unclear how to include morphological characters, due to the lack of generally accepted models.
However, due to low node support, the trees are indifferent to whether the morphological characters used to unite the Marynidae are the result of retention of ancestral states or convergence.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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