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Moreover, the morphological characters studied are fitness-related in many species.
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Multiple leaf morphological character-states studied across the white-flowered lineage (shape, labdanum secretion, pubescence) have been independently acquired at least twice (Fig. 2).
The evolution of morphological characters can be studied at various scales and by diverse approaches.
The ANOVA outcomes showed significantly different morphological characters among all studied populations.
Intraspecific variability was observed in morphological characters, isoenzyme studies, mtDNA, ribosomal gene probes, random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellites.
Despite abundant analyses of morphological characters, molecular studies using mitochondrial and nuclear genes are limited.
Using a combination of molecular and morphological characters, this study presents evidence of cryptic diversity in H. commersoni on Madagascar.
On this basis, the integrated fluctuating asymmetry index was calculated using the normalized difference algorithm (Zakharov et al. 2000): where L ij and R ij are the values of the jth character on the right and left sides of the ith leaf, respectively; m number of studied morphological characters; n sample size of leaves.
Our data are largely phylogenetic, based on variation in DNA sequences and morphological characters, and our studies vary in focus from principally ecological dimensions of resource use to emphasis on biogeographic or paleontological dimensions.
Fifty-eight rice varieties grouped into four clusters based on 18 morphological characters in a study by Ahmadikhah et al. [ 24].
Morphological characters and genetic relationships were studied among 36 Verticillium isolates derived from different host species.
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