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It is at present unclear how to include morphological characters, due to the lack of generally accepted models.
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It has been proposed that this difference in abundance of coding and regulatory mutation in morphological characters is due to coding mutations within species not being able to spread through populations due to their pleiotropic deleterious effects [ 17].
Morphological characters are not included due to the lack of reasonable probabilistic models to simulate their evolution.
Due to the availability of genetic data and analytical improvements, DNA-based approaches play an increasing role in the recognition of diversity in lichenized fungi that would otherwise be impossible to recognize using classical phenotypic characters due to morphological convergence or parallelism [ 3- 11].
There is an overall increase of 26 morphological characters relative to our previous matrix due to the addition of characters and re-defining of previous characters.
This is due to a limited number of morphological characters and few molecular markers in current use.
However, the boundaries between the two genera remain unstable, primarily due to the scarcity of informative morphological characters, and several species originally assigned to Corticium were transferred to Plakina [88].
Due to the tenuous nature of morphological characters, phylogenetic reconstructions are extremely difficult [ 6, 11].
The Halteria concept also contradicts traditional interpretations of morphological characters uniting Strepsiptera and Coleoptera based on structural modifications due to posteromotorism or hindwing-powered flight [ 7].
Within the Evaniomorpha, there is little consensus on the phylogenetic relationships among the superfamilies due to a lack of reliable morphological characters and the limited number of molecular markers.
Due to its unusual combination of morphological characters (prepharyngeal nerve ring, presence of ascus, uniseriate radula) it was placed in a new family, Aitengidae, with unclear phylogenetic relationships and affinities to Sacoglossa, Acochlidia and Cephalaspidea.
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