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Even though morphological characters comprised only 8to10%0 % of the total amount of data, depending on the analysis, the incorporation of morphological data had, in places, significant effects on the results.
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They also contended that different combinations of genes and/or morphological characters likewise comprise independent phylogenetic hypotheses, because of the possibility of signal enhancement (sensu [ 34]).
The morphological character matrix comprises 530 binary or multistate characters (Additional files 5 and 6).
The evolution of morphological characters can be studied at various scales and by diverse approaches.
The revised data comprise 220 morphological characters scored in 80 species (2.75 characters/taxon), adding 82 new characters to the original matrix.
The morphological matrix comprised character states that were fixed within currently recognized species and were not typically scored from the actual specimens used in the sequence-based and microsatellite analyses.
Here we employed two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 16S ribosomal RNA), comprising 1,265 bp, together with 64 morphological characters, to recover the phylogeny of Lasius by Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony inference after exploration of potential causes of phylogenetic distortion.
As morphological characters are not helpful here, a more detailed molecular study comprising more numerous Oscarella species and more molecular loci is needed to resolve this issue.
In contrast to low phenotypic and high genetic variability in Spirogyra, the genus Staurastrum – one the most species-rich genera within the Desmidiaceae comprising around 700 species – showed great variability of morphological characters such as cell shape, size or cell wall ornamentation.
Molecular characters can often be identified less ambiguously than morphological characters.
Dinoflagellates comprise a well-supported monophyletic group based on both molecular data and many unique morphological characters [ 2].
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