Bateman et al. [ 35] had previously discussed the highly homoplastic morphological characters at the lower level of Orchideae, an observation reinforced by the recent study of East Asian Orchideae by Jin et al. [ 28].
Potential genomic characters include gene presence/absence, gene inversions, intron insertion and deletion, pseudogenisation processes, and changes in gene order, and can be viewed as morphological characters at the genetic level [ 18– 22].
In short, Riedl recognized that morphological characters evolve at different rates.
However, some morphological characters optimize at the root of Placentalia under a number of hypotheses.
Of the three tested character systems, the evolutionary rate of "structural morphology" was in all analyses proportional to that of the mtDNA (irrespective of the method used to reconstruct the branch lengths), and thus it could be assumed that structural morphological characters evolved at rates proportional to time.
For Lagenorhynchus, the ubiquitous use of these morphological characters resulted at one time or another in specimens being assigned (and re-assigned) to at least 8 different genera (e.g., Delphinus, [ 7]; Electra, [ 8]; Phocoena, [ 9]; Tursio, [ 10]; Leucopleurus, [ 8]; Clymenia, [ 10]; Sagmatius, [ 11]).
This is due to: a) the low specificity of the clinical features and symptomatology related to human infections; b) the paucity of diagnostic features of larvae found in granulomatous lesions characteristic of "invasive anisakiasis"; and c) the lack morphological characters diagnostic at the specific level when larvae of Anisakis are detected.
By calculating the proportion of observed changes to minimum changes, we derived convergence estimates that indicate that the female morphological characters are evolving at only approximately 2/3 the rate of molecular data (Fem: Obs./Min = 1.84; CI = 0.54).
Root exudates of P. australis affected the biomass and other morphological characters of M. ericifolia at various densities (Table 1).
The Shannon Wiener index of 34 morphological characters was 6.09, while at the population level, it was 1.77.
The results of the molecular biology experiments take them "back into the herbarium to look at the material again, reanalyse it, and look again at the morphological characters," says Gibby.
