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The alternative explanation of convergent evolution of these two populations appears unlikely as the Puerto Rico and Trinidad N. maxillosus were uniform in seemingly unrelated morphological and call traits.
For morphological and call variables, means and variances were calculated for raw values of each variable.
Multivariate analyses demonstrate that both morphological and call characteristics were significantly variable among populations, characterized by significantly lower intra-population dispersion in call space than morphological space, and significantly greater among-population variation in call structure.
A technique commonly used in studies of frog morphological and call variation [e.g. [ 24, 26, 57]], CVA yields axes that summarize trait variation and produces corrected distances among groups.
Our analysis with three genetic markers is consistent with morphological and call differences that collectively support suggestions that the Water Rail is divisible into two species, the Brown-cheeked Rail (R. indicus), including breeding populations of East Asia, and the Water Rail (R. aquaticus), including populations from West Asia and Europe.
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As we controlled for clinal factors in our analyses of geographic variation in morphological characters and calling song characters [ 23], these pressures may result from selection against costly interspecific mating between G. fultoni and G. vernalis in sympatry [ 41- 43].
Thus, the lack of a concordance between phylogeny and morphological or call divergence found here might then simply reflect a failure to accurately recover historical affinities among populations.
This phenomenon is triggered by environmental cues that begin a cascade of complex physiological, morphological, and behavioral changes, collectively called a "migratory syndrome" (Dingle 2006).
Due to the lack of anatomical landmarks, PET is usually performed in coregistration with contrast-enhanced or more frequently non-contrast-enhanced CT: this hybrid morphological and functional technique is called PET/CT.
In our case, the lack of nuclear and morphological divergence calls for deeper studies on the mechanism causing high mitochondrial divergence and whether it is the result of host-associated divergence, geography, selective sweeps or a combination of factors.
Nevertheless, prior to cell invasion, cancer cells per se need to proceed with a developmental and morphological alternation called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process to transdifferentiate epithelial cells into motile mesenchymal cells [ 56].
More suggestions(15)
morphological and mechanical
morphological and compositional
morphological and initial
morphological and agronomical
morphological and dynamic
morphological and molecular
morphological and cytological
morphological and palynological
morphological and behavioural
morphological and componential
morphological and photovoltaic
morphological and tensile
morphological and immunohistochemical
morphological and optical
morphological and structural
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