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There was neither morphological activation of microglia nor an increase in microglia numbers (Figure 2E, F).
Morphological activation of microglia after LPS stimulation was accompanied with functional activation manifested through prominent release of proinflammatory cytokine TNF- α (Table 1).
The factors that lead to the morphological activation of the microglia with an anti-inflammatory phenotype are yet to be identified.
For example, there are many similarities between Alzheimer's disease and prion disease: both diseases are characterized by the protein deposition, significant neuronal degeneration and the morphological activation of microglia and astrocytes [ 7].
Moreover, in a recent study it was demonstrated that morphological activation of macrophages in Scnn1b-Tg mice is associated with upregulation of macrophage elastase (MMP12) and other signature genes of alternative macrophage activation (Alox15, Arg1, Chi3l3, Chi3l4, Mgl2, Mmp12, Retnla) [ 32].
Due to the robust morphological activation of macrophages in the Scnn1b-Tg mice, the tendency for genes involved in macrophage function to be up-regulated in whole lung (Additional file 3: Table S1), and the importance of this cell type in lung disease pathogenesis, we continued our studies by evaluating gene expression in purified pulmonary macrophages.
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In addition to morphological assessment, activation of apoptosis was confirmed biochemically by quantification of cleaved-caspase 3. Briefly, hepatocytes in culture for 72 and 96 hours, treated or not with TGFβ, were fixed in acetone/methanol.
This review provides a comprehensive appraisal of the equilibrium modeling of a number of biosorption processes as well as the structural, chemical and morphological modifications and activation of biosorbents.
We have shown [17], [18], [20] that morphological alterations and activation of RhoA strongly affect ENaC activity by promoting trafficking of the channel to the plasma membrane.
Morphological and functional activation of BV-2 cells was achieved with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.
Microsclerotia formation in fungi involves dramatic morphological changes and activation of biosynthetic pathways involved in pigment synthesis [ 21], processes that are expected to entail transcriptional activation of genes of various cellular functions.
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