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The remaining 13 genes do not result in gross morphologic defects of the MB.
Heterozygous deficiency in PAX6 leads to ocular surface disease characterized by corneal opacification (aniridia-related keratopathy; ARK), and the Pax6+/- mouse model displays all the morphologic defects of human ARK [ 4- 7].
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It is important to note that our study does not exclude formally the possibility of either a primary morphologic defect of the ductal tree or a functional requirement for Hhex outside the ductal lineage not detected by simple histology at E18.5.
Upon histologic examination, Roy et al. (1998) found apoptosis and altered mitotic figures, along with gross disruption of the architecture of the developing brain, all in the absence of any gross morphologic defects in the other parts of the embryo.
At embryonic day 14.5, we observed morphologic defects in 4 out of 5 transgenic embryos examined (i.e., an additional 5 independent lines).
Recent literature suggests, however, that a shift toward a TH1 cytokine profile during pregnancy may increase the risk of fetal morphologic defects.
At embryonic day 13.5, we observed morphologic defects in the hearts in 5 of 9 embryos examined (i.e., 9 independent lines).
As early over-expression of Ras-Raf-Mek signaling causes morphologic defects, we are currently generating transgenic lines that allow temporal control of Mek signaling, which will be a valuable tool for deeper genetic dissection of the Int6-Mek-Erk relationship in vivo.
Metabolic and morphologic defects concern myocardial energy metabolism, reduced flow reserve, formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and structural alterations that impair cardiac function (17).
To look for morphologic defects in the TRNs, we stained animals carrying mutations in 13 of the 18 genes with an antibody against MEC-18.
Morphologic defects in the mutant prostates were evident at P28, and they displayed lower number of ducts with swelling structure compared with those of the controls.
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