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Here, the increase in phenotypic heterogeneity that probably occurred through transcriptional-mediated noise in gene expression was a relevant evolutionary strategy because the larger distribution of the more variable mutants could result in a similar survival probability than for mutants with increased mean and narrow distribution.
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The effect on imprint maintenance in mice is less pronounced and more variable in zygotic mutants and the loss of maternal ZFP57 alone can be fully rescued by zygotic expression of the paternal allele.
Hence, the position of the eye spot is more variable in golden mutant BDZW1 males compared with the wild type.
The eye, wing, and notum are notable examples of developmentally canalized structures that generally become more variable in a mutant background.
The mitotic stages at the LM level are indistinguishable from WT cells; however, timing of the early mitotic events is significantly more variable in the kif9 mutant (supplementary material Fig. S1).
While mean food intake in N2 and tph-1 (mutant) mutanimalsmals was similar, food intake in tph-1 (mutants mutants was more variable (Brown Forsythe test, P = 1.5e-06), suggesting defects in the regulation of basal food intake.
The time to peak release for ω-conotoxin GVIA-treated fish and tb204a mutant were much more variable than seen in control fish, but despite the variability both were significantly prolonged when compared to control (p<0.001; Figure 2B).
First, wild-type individuals are phenotypically highly reproducible whereas mutant populations are more variable; this genetic evidence leads to one definition, that developmental systems buffer genetic and environmental perturbations to create stereotyped individuals, reducing phenotypic variability over time.
At later time points, miRNA profiles in mutant retinas are more variable suggesting that miRNA-related mechanisms that may compromise retinal function are activated between these phases of the disease.
We also note that the behavioral responses of Or42a − mutant larvae are much more variable compared to wild type, seen in the increase of SEM value relative to the other genotypes.
In fkhyd2 mutant embryos (which show a very similar expression pattern to hyd1 mutant embryos; not shown), a more variable expression pattern of proAtHB8∶GUS activity is seen, associated with a variable morphology between siblings (Figs. 3C G).
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