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We therefore used only one mitochondrial gene, in spite of higher genetic variability displayed by this genome, which would provide more variable characters for demographic estimates.
The mechanisms that generate and maintain this variation [2] include the evolution of variance-increasing genetic mechanisms [1], bias in receiver attention towards more variable characters [3), and the evolution of condition-dependence in costly signals [4] with the concomitant enrichment of trait genetic variance by the genetic background of body condition [5], [6].
In general, we expect conflicts between data sets to be resolved in favor of the data set with more variable characters, but also with less homoplasy.
Despite the limitations stated previously of inferring phylogeny from an SNP matrix, this approach has yielded far more variable characters for inferring evolutionary history than any previous study.
As a result, the matR data has more variable characters and parsimony-informative sites (Pi) compared to the other three genes (length corrected) (Table 1).
Mitochondrial genes are generally thought to evolve more rapidly than nuclear genes, and so should have more variable characters but should also have more homoplasy [e.g. [ 21, 22]].
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Overall, these results demonstrate that the synonymous substitution rate in plant mitochondria is a more variable character than previously appreciated.
But generally, substitutions between residues, which differed only in the length of the side chain and had similar physicochemical properties, predominated over substitutions between residues with more variable character.
The remaining two data sets (caprimulgid birds, murid rodents (Sahul = Australia and New Guinea); Table 3), had substantially more variable nucDNA characters than mtDNA characters.
The utility scores showed similar relationships between the gene regions at all taxonomic levels, and all increased at deeper taxonomic levels where more species, and consequently more opportunity for variable characters, were included in each calculation (Figure 2).
The more similar plants are in recognition characters, and the more variable they are in quality, the more important it is for a herbivore to make appropriate host choices [ 2- 4].
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more variable figure
more variable nature
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more extreme characters
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more nuanced characters
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more variable droughts
more variable temperatures
more sympathetic characters
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more female characters
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