Excessive alcohol consumption is the second main risk factor, and when alcohol and tobacco exposure are combined, the risk is especially high since their combined effect is more than additive.
Dr. David Hovda, a professor of neurosurgery and director of the Brain Injury Research Center at U.C.L.A., said, "Repeated concussions — it doesn't matter the severity — have affects that are more than additive, and that last longer".
Moreover, an animal study showed that a combination of SPP100 and Diovan worked synergistically to provide far more than additive benefits.
At 14 days, the interaction between Zn and phenanthrene was antagonistic (less than additive), while at 21 days it was synergistic (more than additive).
In conclusion, these results indicate that formoterol and BDP together induce a favourable pharmacodynamic interaction which can be considered more than additive, at least in these experimental settings.
The hope is that combined supply of these components shall have synergistic, e.g. more than additive effects in boosting the immune system and enforcing the barrier functions.
Moreover, there was a significant interaction causing more than additive transcription rates of mt1 in the copper/freezing treatment suggesting that freeze-induced cellular dehydration increases the concentration of free copper ions in the cytosol.
Since none of the additives was labelled as synergist, there was no indication to expect more than additive joint toxicity of the product components, which justifies using CA as the prediction concept [13].
"But at very high temperatures and very high levels of ozone, the effect is more than additive," Kosatsky added.
