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Gangliosides are acidic glycosphingolipids carrying one or more terminal sialic acid; by using liposomes mimicking the composition and size of HIV, the authors demonstrated that gangliosides GM1, GM2 and GM3 are the key molecules that mediate liposome uptake in mDCs, with the sialyllactose moiety on gangliosides acting as a molecular recognition pattern.
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However, while mammalian cells produce compositionally more complex N‐glycans containing terminal sialic acids, insect cells mostly produce simpler N‐glycans with terminal mannose residues.
More specifically, the presence of terminal sialic acid residues at the surface of C4-2B cells allow for attractive interactions with the neutral GSL AsGM1, whereas sialic acids on the parental LNCaP cells cause repulsive interactions.
The co-localization of the clustered AsGM1 with α2β1 integrin receptors likely occurs via synergistic CCI, more specifically attractive interactions between terminal sialic acid residues and hydroxyl groups on the carbohydrate portion of AsGM1 and the formation of hydrogen bonds between the many hydroxyl groups on the carbohydrate moieties of both AsGM1 and integrin α2β1 prior to CPIs.
The glycosylation analysis of 2-DE separated human α1-antitrypsin indicated that there were more triantennary glycans with two or three terminal sialic acids and less diantennary glycans in 2-DE spots with lower pI for the same protein, which was consistent with previous research work [31].
Immunoglobulins are glycosylated, and there is a heterogeneity in the extent to which the glycosylations have terminal sialic acids36.
Taube, S. et al. Ganglioside-linked terminal sialic acid moieties on murine macrophages function as attachment receptors for murine noroviruses.
The biological half-life time of many glycoproteins is regulated via terminal sialic acids.
Together, these results indicated that a terminal sialic acid on SAP plays a key role in its ability to regulate the innate immune system.
Fractionation of immunoglobulins, as well as treatment of immunoglobulins with sialidase, showed that only immunoglobulins with terminal sialic acids act as immunosuppressants37,38.
Influenza viruses attach to host cells by binding to terminal sialic acid (Neu5Ac) on glycoproteins or glycolipids.
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