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And, more subtly, they released more sperm when they mated.
As predicted by sperm competition theory, males ejaculated significantly more sperm when copulating in the presence of a rival than when copulating alone.
But a new study shows that male sailfin mollies produce more sperm when they are around females of their own species than when they're in the company of strangers.
Therefore, it is unclear whether males transfer more sperm when they perceive an increased risk of sperm competition.
We found that individuals donated much more sperm when they copulated with a virgin mate than when they copulated with a non-virgin.
A general prediction from sperm competition models is that males are expected to allocate more sperm when mating with a virgin (Engqvist and Reinhold 2006) or in the presence of a single competitor, which is well supported empirically (Kelly and Jennions 2011).
Similar(54)
Possible post-copulatory explanations include second-male sperm being flushed at a higher rate from the reproductive tract by egg passage, or, a higher rate of ejaculate ejection of second-male sperm - as observed in hermaphrodite-male sperm competition, such that hermaphrodites are more likely to eject male sperm when self-sperm are present [ 17].
The couple realized there had been a mistake when they tried to order more sperm from their donor, who was number 380, because they heard he had moved and would not be donating again.
In competitive contexts, theoretical models suggest that males with more sperm should gain a greater share of paternity when mechanisms of sperm competition resemble a raffle [18], and experimental studies have shown that males which transfer more sperm per ejaculate gain more fertilizations (see reviews in [1]).
We predict that males will invest more in their ejaculates, which will be reflected in the viability of sperm when competing with a non-sibling male.
Thus, the elevated male investment observed when female mating rate increases could potentially be driven by sperm competition to produce more sperm per ejaculate, or by the demand for more ejaculates.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com