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Greater promiscuity in females does, indeed, lead to bigger testes, presumably because a male needs to make more sperm to have a fighting chance of fathering offspring, if those sperm are competing with sperm from a lot of other males.
The females, in turn, can assess males by smell, detecting via chemical cues those males that are larger or stronger, or even those males that have more sperm to fertilize all of the female's eggs.
Snails often mate with several partners before laying eggs, and it is thought the dart's coating also serves to reduce the chance of re-mating, perhaps by causing more sperm to be stored.
This reconfiguration allows more sperm to access the sperm storage area and fertilize eggs, rather than being digested.
In addition, although donors can donate sperm repeatedly, they prefer to inseminate novel partners each time [27] and they transfer more sperm to virgins than to previously-inseminated partners [28], which is in accordance with sperm competition theory [29], [30].
According to theoretical predictions, males should adjust their copulatory investment in response to the relatedness of their male rival, and transfer more sperm to females that have first mated with a non-sibling male than females that have mated to a related male.
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However, we need information on more sperm genes to test this hypothesis.
In a single copulation, significantly more sperm was donated to partners that were restricted to mating in the female role than to hermaphrodites, while seminal fluid transfer was unaffected by recipient type.
Second, although it is known that pond snails are capable of strategic sperm donation [ 39], the result that more sperm are transferred to imposed females compared to hermaphrodites is unexpected.
Thus, it would be expected that the demand for more sperm is linked to larger testes size in spontaneous ovulators as found in this study.
In addition to selection for more sperm, postcopulatory sexual selection appears to select for higher quality sperm in the Maluridae.
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