The ACEA added: "The automotive industry is fully supporting the development of this new Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test in order to ensure a more robust control on emissions.
This includes making the European emissions trading system more robust (see 'Strengthening the EU emissions trading and use the chances offered by European inclusion' section), which would lead to higher prices in the electricity market and thus correspondingly to a lower cost differential that would have to be covered by the levy.
The 886 citizens involved in the class action against the Dutch government aim to force it to take more robust action to reduce emissions.
Likewise, a more robust European Union (EU) emissions trading system would have a corrective effect on the distorted exchange prices.
Obama called Monday for an international pact "that builds in ambition," an acknowledgment that the voluntary agreements won't result in the sought-after 2-degree-Celsius limit on global temperature growth, but will provide flexibility where nations could gradually make more robust commitments to limiting emissions.
By analyzing in situ concentration data observed in major cities alongside gridded emission data obtained from remote sensing and inventories, we find that emissions of NH3 have a more robust association with the spatiotemporal variation of PM2.5 levels than emissions of SO2 and NOx.
"There needs to be much more robust testing, especially in the areas of emissions and durability before midlevels are introduced into nonflex-fuel vehicles," Mr. Martin said.
However, there is another group that will have a significant impact on emissions targets, a group that should have a more robust voice in the discussions.
"Moreover, the historic pattern of boom and bust points to [the] inherently volatile characteristic of emissions trading to date and the potential benefits of building in more robust design.
However, the ever increasing demands on passengers' comfort, safety, emissions and fuel consumption imposed by car manufacturers and regulations call for more robust techniques and the use of cycle accurate models.
