Finally, we introduced these 100-cell PSC aggregates into a low oxygen environment (5%; to upregulate endogenous VEGF secretion) and delivered two potent blood-inductive molecules, BMP4 and TPO (bone morphogenetic protein-4 and thrombopoietin), locally from microparticles to obtain a more robust differentiation response than soluble delivery methods alone.
These results imply that sphere-forming DPCs likely have more robust differentiation potential than total DPCs.
Surprisingly, Ku80 null myoblasts generated larger colonies (Fig 5D) and displayed a more robust differentiation consisting of large myotubes, whereas heterozygote myoblasts formed small myotubes with fewer nuclei as compared to wildtype and null myoblasts (Fig 5D F).
BXR bioreactor-treated scaffolds experienced earlier and more robust osteogenic differentiation on von Kossa staining, ALP induction (1.2 1.6×, p < 0.01) and calcium deposition (1.3 2.3×, p < 0.01).
Compared with COL scaffold, cells on COL-nanofiber scaffold exhibited more robust osteogenic differentiation, indicated by higher expression levels of OCN and runx2 genes as well as the accumulation of calcium nodules.
In vitro, NIKΔT3 drives more robust OC differentiation and generates more active OCs characterized by an enlarged actin ring, indicating that the alternative NF-κB pathway controls not only OC differentiation but also resorptive activity.
This simulation shows that one cell lineage (attractor 1) is almost vanished when the two-TF circuit is perturbed, while the two-cluster circuit is significantly more robust and safeguards differentiation into both lineages.
While traditional two-way analysis tools are powerful instruments to find relationships in two-way data, the application of tensors allowed us to capture more information than two-dimensional techniques and thus provided a more robust analysis of hMSC differentiation.
When neurospheres are grown in media lacking proliferation factors, but with a 1% concentration of serum, more robust neuronal and glial differentiation can be induced (Tropepe et al., 1999).
On the other hand, the rotarod, the limb rotation, the stride length and the DBF provided a more robust index of the differentiation of the animals' locomotion, with significant differences between the age groups (p < 0.05).
Differentiation was observed in scASCs by both media, although the differentiation was more robust in medium without IBMX.
