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How cocaine and amphetamine elicit more robust behavioral responses in females remains unclear, but studies have shown that the Regulator of G-protein Signaling 9-2 (RGS9-2) proteis is an important modulator of the behavioral responses to these drugs.
It will be important to test the protective effect of NAC in other SNCA overexpressing mammalian models of PD that display a more robust behavioral phenotype as well as loss of DA neurons [54] [57].
Like gestational stress, early life stress may have more robust behavioral and epigenetic effects on male rodents in adulthood [ 69].
Recent studies focused on the more robust behavioral and somatic responses to stress observed in females, and on the latter's more potent immune and inflammatory reactions [ 50].
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Although both male and female UCMS-exposed mice developed elevated anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors compared to non-stressed controls, the chronically stressed females (which were freely cycling) exhibited a more robust elevation in behavioral emotionality compared to chronically stressed males [ 90], thus providing a needed assay to investigate the sexual dimorphic bases of human MDD.
Additional social space for primates "enables social groups to be more stable," making behavioral results more robust, wrote Oxford neuroscientist David Gaffan.
A differential in relative sensitivity to disruption between gonadal and behavioral sexual differentiation had the consequence that male-pattern behavior was more robust to the effects of EE2 exposure than was gonadal development, where exposure caused complete male infertility.
Electrophysiological assays are likely to be able to detect even small differences in taste or olfactory sensitivity, while behavioral assays might require more robust knockdown.
More data from controlled studies with longer (>1 year) follow-up and measurement of behavioral outcomes will provide a more robust evidence base from which to judge the effectiveness of new digital media in changing adolescent sexual behavior.
Of the 343 lines showing robust behavioral changes, 84 lines showed changes for more than one type of behavior, providing a substantial group for comparison.
Based on the selective coupling between the reappraisal strategy and fictive learning signals, we speculate that while both fictive and reward prediction errors guide decision-making, fictive signals might be more important in allowing behavioral flexibility while reward prediction errors are more robust and resilient to external modulatory factors.
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