More recently, cellular senescence has been established as a cellular response to a variety of stresses such as DNA double-strand breaks or oncogene activation (Di Leonardo et al., 1994; Lin et al., 1998; Serrano et al., 1997).
Over the past 25 years, there has been significant progress in elucidating the involvement of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascades in promoting cell growth, regulating apoptosis, chemotherapeutic drug resistance and more recently, cellular senescence and aging.
Understanding how its DNA operates can lead to insights about the human genome, a biochemical structure commonly thought of as a map, a blueprint, an enciphered text or, more recently, as cellular software, the operating system for the cell.
More recently, the cellular Potts model (CPM) has become a popular vehicle to simulate cell shape changes [ 11].
More recently HP68, a cellular ATP binding protein, has been shown to be important for capsid formation and an interaction between Vif and HP68 has been shown.
More recently, cytokine-based and cellular immunotherapy have been modeled and scrutinized [34] [44], and some models were validated experimentally and clinically [39], [45].
The majority of studies on insect GSTs have focused on their role in conferring insecticide resistance (e.g. [ 17- 19]) and, more recently, in protecting against cellular damage by oxidative stress [ 20, 21].
More recently, a role for cellular tension in cell proliferation via activation of the Hippo tissue growth control pathway transcriptional co-activator Yap/Taz (homologues of Drosophila Yorkie) has been revealed in mammalian cells (Dupont et al., 2011; Wada et al., 2011).
Vitronectin (VN) is a multi-functional glycoprotein best known for its effects on cell attachment and spreading, but has more recently been shown to mediate cellular responses to growth factors.
More recently we included markers of cellular senescence [ 12], which have been widely used in characterizing the senescent phenotype [ 24].
In addition to its anti-apoptotic properties, DcR3 has more recently been found to modulate cellular events independent of its three protein ligands.
